SC.912.L.14.7: Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes.
Objectives:
A. Identify plant structures such as: cambium, guard cells, phloem, root hairs, root cap, seed, stomata, xylem, stamen, pistil, ovary, petals, sperm, egg, sepal, filament, anther, style, and stigma.
B. Relate the structures of plant tissues and organs to their roles in physiological processes.
Objectives:
A. Identify plant structures such as: cambium, guard cells, phloem, root hairs, root cap, seed, stomata, xylem, stamen, pistil, ovary, petals, sperm, egg, sepal, filament, anther, style, and stigma.
B. Relate the structures of plant tissues and organs to their roles in physiological processes.
Essential Question:
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Worksheets
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Tutorials
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Interactive Activities
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Levels of organization in multicellular organism
Plant Organ System consists of:
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Plant organs: They consist of tissues, working together in the different biological processes
- Leaves
- Stems
- Roots
- Flowers
- Fruits
- Cones
Plant Tissues:
Plant Tissues
- Dermal: Epydermis, perydermis
- Vascular: Xylem and Phloem
- Ground: Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
- Meristematic (in regions of new growth)
Dermal Tissue:
The dermal tissue covers the plant's body and consists of epidermis in young plants & non-woody plants that is later replaced by periderm in woody plant
In the roots:
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In the the leaves:
- Epidermis on stem and leaves prevents water loss by transpiration.
Ground Tissue:
- Ground tissue constitutes the majority of the plant body and contains parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells
- Ground tissue of the leaf (called mesophyll) uses the energy in sunlight to synthesize sugars in a process known as photosynthesis
- Ground tissue of the stem (called pith and cortex) develops support cells to hold the young plant upright
- Ground tissue of the root (also called cortex) often stores energy- rich carbohydrates
Vascular Tissue:
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Transport in plants (Vascular Tissue) |
Plant Organs:
Roots:
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Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms (protista and some bacteria)
- It requires pigments to capture sunlight (chlorophyll)
- It converts light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates-sugars)
- Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth as we know it.
Plant Growth
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.In general, differentiated plant cells cannot divide or produce cells of a different type, but meristematic cells can, thus these cells can be located at root and shoot tips: the apical Meristem; and in the vascular and cork cambia: the lateral meristem.
Primary growth = Plant Elongation
Occurs at apical meristems, results in the elongation of roots and shoots. In roots, primary growth increases water and nutrient absorption by increasing the root surface area exposed to the soil. In shoots, primary growth adds height and leaves, which increase the plant's exposure to and absorption of light. In the very tip of a growing root is the root cap, whose primary role is to protects the delicate apical meristem. It is also involved in gravity perception in plants. If the cap is carefully removed the root will grow randomly. |
Secondary growth= Plant Increased Thickness, Girth or Circumference
Occurs at two types of lateral meristem: vascular cambium and cork cambium. Vascular cambium adds thickness to a woody plant by adding secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. This increases vascular flow and provides additional support. Cork cambium produces the external covering of woody plants.
Woody plants, which can live for many years, experience both primary and secondary growth. Herbaceous (nonwoody) plants, on the other hand, generally live only one year and experience only primary growth. (Recent research indicates that some herbaceous plants undergo a small amount of secondary growth in the late growing season, but generally speaking, herbaceous plants are composed of a primary plant body only.)
If plants grew too tall (through primary growth only), they could eventually top over, thus plants need secondary growth to provide structural support for the plant.
Occurs at two types of lateral meristem: vascular cambium and cork cambium. Vascular cambium adds thickness to a woody plant by adding secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. This increases vascular flow and provides additional support. Cork cambium produces the external covering of woody plants.
Woody plants, which can live for many years, experience both primary and secondary growth. Herbaceous (nonwoody) plants, on the other hand, generally live only one year and experience only primary growth. (Recent research indicates that some herbaceous plants undergo a small amount of secondary growth in the late growing season, but generally speaking, herbaceous plants are composed of a primary plant body only.)
If plants grew too tall (through primary growth only), they could eventually top over, thus plants need secondary growth to provide structural support for the plant.
B. Connect structures to Physiological Processes
1. Transpiration: including root hairs, roots, stems, leaves, xylem, stomata, guard cells.
2. Growth: including meristematic tissue, apical meristem, root cap, cambium, and root tip.
3. Reproduction:
a. Sexual Reproduction i. Flower structure: Stamen (filament, anther), pistil (stigma, style, ovary), sepal, petals, sperm (pollen), egg, ii. Seed, Cones, Fruit
b. Asexual reproduction
4. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Briefly mention structures and tissues involved
1. Transpiration: including root hairs, roots, stems, leaves, xylem, stomata, guard cells.
2. Growth: including meristematic tissue, apical meristem, root cap, cambium, and root tip.
3. Reproduction:
a. Sexual Reproduction i. Flower structure: Stamen (filament, anther), pistil (stigma, style, ovary), sepal, petals, sperm (pollen), egg, ii. Seed, Cones, Fruit
b. Asexual reproduction
4. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Briefly mention structures and tissues involved
Reproduction of Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
Web tutorial: Part of the Flower Harcourt
Angiosperms are vascular plants that reproduce through seeds, and produces flowers as their reproductive organ.
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Reproduction in Gymnosperms: Cones
Plant Classification
Plant Adaptations to Life on Land
Sea plants successfully colonized the land thanks to the following adaptations:
- Cell walls with lignin;
- Mycorrhizae;
- Root:
- Shoots:
- Vascular Tissues:
- Cuticle:
- Stomata:
- Guard Cells
Practice Question
1 The stomata on a saguaro cactus must open to let in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When each stoma opens, however, water can escape from the plant. How does the saguaro minimize the loss of water when stomata open?
A. Guard cells open and close the stomata rapidly during the day to let as little water as possible escape.
B. Guard cells open the stomata only at night, when the air temperature is cooler and the humidity somewhat higher.
C. Guard cells always keep the stomata open slightly, so that carbon dioxide can flow in but very little water can flow out.
D. The saguaro has fewer stomata than any other plant, an adaptation that prevents water loss through transpiration.
2. When grass is cut with a lawn mower, it gives off a distinct aroma. Why does newly-mowed grass smell a little bit sweet?
A. Sugars stored in the roots are sent to repair the damage to the grass leaves.
B. Sugars are produced when the cut leaves of grass begin to decay in sunlight.
C. When the grass leaves are damaged, some of the sugar produced in the leaves escapes.
D. When grass leaves are cut, a small amount of sugar is produced at the site of injury to plug the phloem.
3. In plants, water can escape through the leaves by the process of transpiration. Which of the following structures are involved in transpiration?
A. xylem, phloem, stomata B. phloem, root hairs, xylem
C. root hairs, xylem, stomata D. stomata, phloem, root hairs
4. Some plants produce fruit which contains their seeds. How does producing fruit benefit the plant?
A. The fruit keeps the seeds from being damaged when they fall from the plant.
B. Animals often carry the seeds away from the parent plant when they eat the fruit.
C. Fewer seeds get eaten by animals if they are hidden inside the fruit, where they can't be seen.
D. Seeds contained in fruit need the extra nutrients from the surrounding fruit to start growing.
5. Which of the following are areas of unspecialized cells in which mitosis produces new cells that are ready for differentiation?
A. parenchyma and collenchyma B. meristems C. xylem and phloem D. epidermis
6.The root cap is a tough structure that protects the
A root hairs. B. cortex. C. meristem. D. vascular cylinder.
7. In a plant’s stem, the vascular tissue
A. is always arranged in rings of vascular bundles.
B. is continuous from the roots to the leaves.
C. carries nutrients up the stem but not down.
D. plays a role in photosynthesis and storage.
8.Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of a leaf through the
A. palisade mesophyll. B. guard cells. C. phloem. D. stomata.
A. Guard cells open and close the stomata rapidly during the day to let as little water as possible escape.
B. Guard cells open the stomata only at night, when the air temperature is cooler and the humidity somewhat higher.
C. Guard cells always keep the stomata open slightly, so that carbon dioxide can flow in but very little water can flow out.
D. The saguaro has fewer stomata than any other plant, an adaptation that prevents water loss through transpiration.
2. When grass is cut with a lawn mower, it gives off a distinct aroma. Why does newly-mowed grass smell a little bit sweet?
A. Sugars stored in the roots are sent to repair the damage to the grass leaves.
B. Sugars are produced when the cut leaves of grass begin to decay in sunlight.
C. When the grass leaves are damaged, some of the sugar produced in the leaves escapes.
D. When grass leaves are cut, a small amount of sugar is produced at the site of injury to plug the phloem.
3. In plants, water can escape through the leaves by the process of transpiration. Which of the following structures are involved in transpiration?
A. xylem, phloem, stomata B. phloem, root hairs, xylem
C. root hairs, xylem, stomata D. stomata, phloem, root hairs
4. Some plants produce fruit which contains their seeds. How does producing fruit benefit the plant?
A. The fruit keeps the seeds from being damaged when they fall from the plant.
B. Animals often carry the seeds away from the parent plant when they eat the fruit.
C. Fewer seeds get eaten by animals if they are hidden inside the fruit, where they can't be seen.
D. Seeds contained in fruit need the extra nutrients from the surrounding fruit to start growing.
5. Which of the following are areas of unspecialized cells in which mitosis produces new cells that are ready for differentiation?
A. parenchyma and collenchyma B. meristems C. xylem and phloem D. epidermis
6.The root cap is a tough structure that protects the
A root hairs. B. cortex. C. meristem. D. vascular cylinder.
7. In a plant’s stem, the vascular tissue
A. is always arranged in rings of vascular bundles.
B. is continuous from the roots to the leaves.
C. carries nutrients up the stem but not down.
D. plays a role in photosynthesis and storage.
8.Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of a leaf through the
A. palisade mesophyll. B. guard cells. C. phloem. D. stomata.
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This website includes many external resources. You may be directed to an external or third-party webpage to watch videos, or tutorial, which mostly come from the FloridaStudents.org website, Pearson, Harcourt, Glencoe, YouTube, etc. These resources are for the sole benefit of my students. I do NOT claim ownership to any of that material. and I am not responsible for the content or availability of external websites. Please note that the privacy and security policies of the linked site may differ from those on http://www.BIOLOGY4me.weebly.com. If you encounter an issue please contact me as soon as possible.